Context:

A recent analysis by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) has revealed that 204 out of 238 Indian cities failed to meet national air quality standards, highlighting the severity of air pollution in the country. The study assessed air quality data based on PM2.5 concentrations, one of the most harmful air pollutants affecting human health. The findings indicate that air pollution remains a widespread and persistent environmental challenge across Indian urban centres. 

Key Findings of the Report:

Widespread Non-Compliance with Air Quality Standards

The CREA analysis shows that the majority of Indian cities with sufficient monitoring data exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM2.5. Out of 238 monitored cities, 204 recorded pollution levels above the permissible limits, indicating large-scale non-compliance.

Most Polluted Cities

Several cities in the Indo-Gangetic Plains were among the most polluted in the country.

• Ghaziabad recorded the highest PM2.5 concentration at about 172 µg/m³.
• Noida and Delhi followed with 166 µg/m³ and 163 µg/m³, respectively.

These values are far above India’s daily PM2.5 standard of 60 µg/m³, highlighting the seriousness of winter air pollution in northern India.

Air Pollution in Major Cities

Among India’s major metropolitan cities:

• Delhi recorded the highest pollution levels.
• Kolkata also exceeded the national standards.
• Mumbai, Chennai, and Bengaluru recorded comparatively lower PM2.5 levels, with Bengaluru reporting around 39 µg/m³.

Cleanest Cities

The report also identified relatively cleaner urban centres. For example, Chamarajanagar in Karnataka recorded a PM2.5 concentration of around 19 µg/m³, making it one of the cleanest cities in the analysis.

About PM2.5:

PM2.5 (Particulate Matter smaller than 2.5 micrometres) refers to extremely fine particles suspended in the air. These particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream. Exposure to PM2.5 is linked to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and premature deaths, making it one of the most dangerous air pollutants.

Policy Implications:

The findings highlight the need for stronger air pollution control policies in India. Experts suggest improving the implementation of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), enforcing stricter emission standards for industries and vehicles, and adopting a regional “airshed-based” approach to tackle pollution across state boundaries.

Conclusion:

The CREA report demonstrates that air pollution remains a major environmental and public health challenge in India. With over 85% of monitored cities failing to meet air quality standards, urgent policy action, better monitoring systems, and coordinated efforts among states are necessary to improve air quality and protect public health.