Context:

In India, circulatory system diseases—commonly referred to as cardiovascular diseases—remained the leading cause of medically certified deaths in 2023, affecting individuals across all age groups. According to the Registrar General of India (RGI), these diseases accounted for 36.4% of all medically certified deaths. Circulatory system diseases affect the heart, blood vessels, and blood, leading to conditions such as high blood pressure, heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure. These conditions are often caused by plaque buildup (atherosclerosis) or blood clots, which impair the delivery of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

Key Highlights:

• • • Circulatory system diseases are the leading cause of death among individuals aged 15 years and above.
    • Mortality rates are highest among individuals aged 70 years and above.
    • The 55–64 age group records the second-highest death rate due to these diseases.
    • Deaths are generally higher among men than women, except in the 70+ age group, where women exhibit a higher mortality rate.

Common Circulatory Diseases:

• • • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Plaque buildup narrows arteries supplying the heart, reducing blood flow.
    • Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Persistent high pressure against artery walls; often referred to as the “silent killer.”
    • Stroke: Interruption of blood supply to the brain due to a clot or bleeding.
    • Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): Sudden blockage of blood flow, causing damage to the heart muscle.
    • Heart Failure: The heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs.
    • Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Reduced blood circulation in the limbs, especially the legs.
    • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Formation of blood clots in deep veins, which may travel to the lungs.
    • Arrhythmia: Irregular or abnormal heart rhythm.

Key Risk Factors:

• • • Lifestyle Factors: Unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption.
    • Health Conditions: High cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension.
    • Other Factors: Advancing age, family history, stress, and genetic predisposition.

Symptoms:

Symptoms vary depending on the specific condition but may include chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling of limbs, dizziness, and palpitations.

Prevention and Management:

• • • Maintain a healthy diet and engage in regular physical activity.
    • Avoid tobacco use and limit alcohol consumption.
    • Effectively manage blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels.
    • Undergo regular medical checkups for early detection and timely treatment.

Health Scenario in India:

• • • Circulatory system diseases constitute a major public health challenge in India.
    • They are responsible for millions of deaths annually.
    • There is an urgent need to strengthen healthcare infrastructure, promote preventive healthcare, and enhance public awareness to reduce the overall disease burden.