Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The Quad Critical Minerals Initiative Framework is designed to secure reliable and resilient supply chains for essential elements needed for semiconductors, electric vehicles, and defense manufacturing. It includes a massive financing commitment to counter economic coercion and reliance on dominant, single-source suppliers like China.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The scope of cooperation under this framework covers the entire lifecycle of critical minerals. This includes mining, processing, recycling, and recovery to build sustainable circular economies, rather than just raw extraction.

Statement 3 is correct: To build resilient, trusted supply chains, the initiative prioritizes projects with a "Quad nexus," which essentially means projects physically located in member countries or managed by companies headquartered in Quad nations.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Quad is not a military alliance or a mutual defense pact. It operates as an informal strategic and diplomatic dialogue. Unlike NATO, there is no formal administrative structure, secretariat, or binding treaty obligations.

Statement 2 is Correct: The origins of the Quad are closely tied to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami relief efforts. The four nations (India, US, Japan, and Australia) coordinated humanitarian and disaster relief (HADR), laying the groundwork for future maritime cooperation.

Statement 3 is Incorrect: While maritime security and joint military drills (like the Malabar Exercise) are prominent aspects of the Quad, its mandate has vastly expanded. Its practical work is driven by working groups focused on six key areas: Health Security, Climate Change, Critical and Emerging Technologies, Space Cooperation, Cyber Security, and Infrastructure/Connectivity.

Statement 4 is Correct: A primary, declared objective of the Quad is to foster a "free, open, inclusive, and resilient" Indo-Pacific region. The members support a rules-based international order to counter coercion and maintain freedom of navigation in the region.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: India has 191 recorded cockroach species, of which over 60% are endemic.

Statement 2 is correct: ZSI developed India’s first DNA Barcode Reference Library using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The study identified 44 unnamed genetic lineages, indicating cryptic diversity and possible future discoveries.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Less than 1% of the world’s 5,000 cockroach species are pests in human habitats; most live in forests and leaf litter.

Statement 2 is correct: They decompose organic matter and support nutrient cycling.

Statement 3 is correct: Wild cockroaches are sensitive to habitat changes and act as bioindicators.

Statement 4 is correct: Their burrowing activities improve soil aeration and water flow.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is Incorrect: The ZSI is not a statutory body established by an Act of Parliament. It was established in 1916 as a subordinate organization under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). While its primary role involves studying and surveying faunal biodiversity, it was not created directly under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Statement 2 is Correct: According to Section 39 of the National Biodiversity Act, 2002, the ZSI has been legally declared the designated repository for the National Zoological Collection. It safeguards over a million identified specimens, ranging from single-celled protozoa to massive mammals.

Statement 3 is Correct: The primary mandate of the ZSI is to promote survey, exploration, and research on the rich faunal diversity of the country. It continually documents these findings and recently launched the exhaustive Fauna of India Checklist Portal, mapping over 1,00,000 animal species in India.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: CLEAR technology was designed and synthesized by researchers at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru (an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India). However, IISc did collaborate with JNCASR to successfully test the technology on complex biological systems like immune cells.

 Statement 2 is correct: The primary innovation of the CLEAR platform is its ability to visualize and map a large number of proteins within the same biological sample while preserving their spatial organization, all by utilizing a single fluorescent marker.

Statement 3 is correct: After imaging a set of proteins, the fluorescent signal is completely erased in less than two minutes using a gentle pulse of 365 nm LED light. This cycle of "tagging, imaging, and erasing" can be repeated continually, functioning essentially like a biological chalkboard.

Answer: D

Explanation:

CLEAR technology serves as a major breakthrough in spatial proteomics and biomedical research with several transformative medical applications: [

Early Detection of Cancer: It helps doctors view minute cellular changes that are often invisible in conventional scans.

Understanding Brain Disorders: It permits the precise study and mapping of protein behavior in highly complex neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.

Precision Medicine: By delivering highly accurate proteomic profiles, it enables doctors to transition away from a "one-size-fits-all" approach to design targeted, patient-specific treatments.