Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The National Testing Agency (NTA) was established in 2017 as an autonomous, self-sustained premier testing organization, but it was incorporated as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, rather than through a direct Act of Parliament (making it a non-statutory body).

Statement 2 is correct: Following examination controversies and leaks (such as NEET-UG), the Ministry of Education constituted a high-level expert panel headed by former ISRO Chairman K. Radhakrishnan to comprehensively review the NTA’s structure, transparency, and testing processes.

Statement 3 is correct: The government instituted a high-powered task force chaired by Nandan Nilekani to overhaul public testing systems by leveraging robust digital public infrastructure, end-to-end encryption, and next-generation cybersecurity frameworks.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Section 82 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) deals with marrying again during the lifetime of a spouse (bigamy) and prescribes imprisonment of up to seven years, subject to statutory conditions and exceptions.

Statement 2 is incorrect: In Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India (1995), the Supreme Court held that a Hindu husband cannot convert to Islam solely to solemnize a second marriage while the first marriage remains valid. However, the Court did not directly declare polygamy under Muslim Personal Law unconstitutional in that judgment; it focused on fraudulent conversion to evade bigamy laws.

Statement 3 is incorrect: NFHS-5 (2019–21) data indicates that multiple marriages are not exclusive to any single community. The survey reported the prevalence of multiple marriages as approximately 2.1% among Christians, 1.9% among Muslims, and 1.3% among Hindus, showing that the practice occurs across communities.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Article 44 is a Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP) enshrined in Part IV of the Constitution, which states that the State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Article 25 guarantees the freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice, and propagate religion, but this right is not absolute. It is explicitly made subject to public order, morality, health, and to the other Fundamental Rights in Part III of the Constitution.

Statement 3 is correct: Marriage and divorce, along with infants and minors, adoption, wills, intestacy, and succession, are listed under Entry 5 of the Concurrent List (List III) of the Seventh Schedule, meaning both Parliament and State Legislatures have the competence to make laws on them.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The RPwD Act, 2016 replaced the older Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995, expanding the specified categories of disabilities from 7 to 21.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Act provides for a reservation of not less than 4% in government employment for persons with benchmark disabilities (and not 5%). Higher educational institutions have a reservation of not less than 5%.

Statement 3 is correct: The legislation was enacted to fulfill India's obligations under the UNCRPD, shifting the approach from charity-based to a rights-based model.