Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The Tribunals Reforms Bill, 2026 establishes a five-member National Tribunals Commission (NTC) that comprises a Chairperson, two judicial members, and two technical members.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Bill states that the Chairperson must be a former Supreme Court judge or a Chief Justice of a High Court, not necessarily a serving or former Chief Justice of India.

Statement 3 is correct: To bring structural uniformity across the fragmented tribunal system, the Bill provides a fixed tenure of five years or until attaining 70 years of age (whichever is earlier) and seeks uniformity in qualifications, salaries, and allowances.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Tribunals were not part of the original Constitution. They were introduced via Articles 323A and 323B by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.

Statement 2 is incorrect: In the landmark L. Chandra Kumar (1997) case, the Supreme Court held that judicial review by the Supreme Court (Article 32) and High Courts (Articles 226/227) is a part of the basic structure of the Constitution. Therefore, tribunals can only supplement, but can never exclude or completely replace, the jurisdiction of constitutional courts.

Statement 3 is correct: In Union of India v. R. Gandhi (2010), Rojer Mathew v. South Indian Bank (2019), and the Madras Bar Association cases, the Supreme Court consistently stressed judicial primacy, adequate tenure, and the reduction of executive influence in tribunal management to safeguard judicial independence and the separation of powers.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The Bankers’ Books Evidence Bill, 2026 replaces the outdated 135-year-old Bankers’ Books Evidence Act, 1891 to match contemporary digital banking operations.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The definition of bankers’ books has been substantially widened. It is no longer restricted to physical books; it explicitly covers records maintained in electronic, digital, and virtual forms, including cloud storage, backup data, and disaster-recovery systems.

Statement 3 is correct: The Bill provides flexibility by allowing the Central Government to extend the application of this evidentiary framework to other specified financial-sector entities.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: To reduce unnecessary litigation-related burdens, the Bill protects bank employees from being routinely summoned to appear in court merely to produce or prove banking records when the bank itself is not a party to the dispute. Courts can only compel their physical appearance or production of records if there is a "special cause" (such as established doubts regarding the accuracy or integrity of the data).

Statement 2 is correct: Digital records must meet strict standards of accuracy, authenticity, and integrity, and the legislation explicitly permits authentication through manual signatures, electronic signatures, and digital signatures.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: As defined by regional meteorological classifications, a typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that explicitly develops in the western North Pacific Ocean with maximum sustained wind speeds of at least 74 mph (119 km/h).

Statement 2 is correct: The Coriolis force is necessary to provide the initial spin or vortex rotation required for cyclone formation. Because the Coriolis force is zero at the Equator and negligible within 5^circ  north and south latitudes, tropical cyclones rarely form within this equatorial zone.

Statement 3 is incorrect: Low vertical wind shear is a prerequisite for the formation of a typhoon. High vertical wind shear creates a dramatic variation in wind speed or direction with altitude, which disrupts the vertical structure of the storm column and tears the cyclone apart, preventing intensification.