Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: India’s first indigenous ASF vaccine is a live-attenuated vaccine utilizing the widely available MA-104 cell line. This design allows cost-effective, large-scale production without relying on foreign proprietary platforms.

Statement 2 is incorrect: African Swine Fever (ASF) is not a zoonotic disease. It does not infect humans, meaning it is not a direct threat to human health, though it causes massive devastation to pig populations and the rural economy.

Statement 3 is correct: The vaccine was researched and developed by scientists at the ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (ICAR-NIHSAD) located in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: African Swine Fever does not affect cattle or sheep; it is a transboundary viral disease that specifically impacts domestic and wild pigs (suids).

Statement 2 is correct: The disease is caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), which is a large, complex double-stranded DNA virus of the family Asfarviridae.

Statement 3 is correct: India officially confirmed its first-ever outbreaks of ASF in 2020 across northeastern states including Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, leading to severe economic stress for smallholder farmers.

Answer: D

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The portal facilitates an Aadhaar-linked Organ Pledge and records post-transplant health status to build a national database on transplant outcomes.

Statement 2 is correct: Organ transplantation in India is governed statutorily by the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994 (THOTA) and its amendments.

Statement 3 is correct: The portal was developed jointly by NOTTO and the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: NOTTO is a national-level organization set up under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. While its functioning aligns with the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), it is not an independent statutory body created directly by the Act itself.

Statement 2 is correct: It operates administratively under the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS).

Statement 3 is correct: NOTTO officially houses two distinct divisions: the National Human Organ and Tissue Removal and Storage Network and the National Biomaterial Centre.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The Supreme Court explicitly clarified that this expanded interpretation does not apply to every casual or general live-in arrangement. It is strictly confined to relationships that qualify as "relationships in the nature of marriage" where a clear intention to marry is established.

Statement 2 is correct: The bench held that excluding women who have spent a considerable period in marriage-like arrangements from the remedial scope of anti-cruelty provisions would violate the right to equality guaranteed under Article 14.

Statement 3 is correct: Recognizing the potential for misuse or frivolous litigation arising from broader criminal interpretations, the apex court directed strict adherence to Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar guidelines, ensuring preliminary inquiries before making mechanical arrests.