Answer: D

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Correct.
  Oxytocin is a peptide hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland.


• Statement 2 – Correct.
  During normal vaginal labour, endogenous oxytocin levels rise naturally. In many Caesarean deliveries, particularly under spinal or epidural anaesthesia, this physiological surge may be inadequate, necessitating synthetic oxytocin.


• Statement 3 – Correct.
  Synthetic oxytocin is routinely administered immediately after delivery to stimulate uterine contractions, compress blood vessels at the placental site, reduce blood loss, and prevent postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), a leading cause of maternal mortality.

Answer: A

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Correct.
  Synthetic oxytocin is included in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, reflecting its indispensable role in maternal healthcare.


• Statement 2 – Correct.
  Fake or poor-quality oxytocin lacking sufficient active pharmaceutical ingredient may not induce effective uterine contractions, thereby increasing the risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage, emergency blood transfusions, and maternal deaths.


• Statement 3 – Correct.
  The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) is India's National Regulatory Authority functioning under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. It is responsible for drug approvals, quality regulation, clinical trials, and coordination with State Drug Control Organisations.


• Statement 4 – Incorrect.
  The Government has mandated QR codes and barcodes for multiple categories of medicines—including vaccines, antimicrobials, anti-cancer drugs, narcotics, and Schedule H2 medicines—to improve traceability. The measure is not limited to oxytocin injections.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 – Correct

The immediate trigger of the Europe Heatwave Crisis 2026 is the Omega Block, a persistent atmospheric circulation pattern where a high-pressure system becomes sandwiched between two low-pressure systems, resembling the Greek letter Ω (Omega).

The high-pressure system remains stationary for several days, preventing normal movement of weather systems and resulting in prolonged heatwave conditions.

Statement 2 – Incorrect

This statement is the reverse of what actually happens.

A high-pressure system:

• Causes descending (subsiding) air


• Compresses and warms the air


• Suppresses cloud formation


• Prevents rainfall


• Allows uninterrupted solar heating

These conditions intensify and prolong heatwaves instead of moderating them.

Statement 3 – Correct

Europe is regarded as the fastest-warming continent, warming at nearly twice the global average.

Important reasons include:

• Greenhouse gas-induced climate change


• Arctic amplification


• Loss of snow and ice cover


• Urbanization


• Continued fossil-fuel dependence

Statement 4 – Correct

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect occurs because:

• Concrete and asphalt absorb more solar radiation.


• Buildings trap heat.


• Lack of vegetation reduces evaporative cooling.

Consequently, cities remain significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas, especially during nights.

Answer: D

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Correct:
  The PM Family Care Tracker is designed as an AI-enabled integrated governance platform aimed at improving maternal and child welfare delivery. It uses data analytics and digital integration to ensure timely identification of beneficiaries and monitoring of welfare delivery.


• Statement 2 – Correct:
  The platform works by integrating multiple databases such as civil registration systems (birth and death records), health records (immunisation, maternal care), education data, and social welfare scheme databases. This integration helps eliminate fragmentation and ensures continuity of services across departments.


• Statement 3 – Correct:
  A key feature is the creation of a Unique Child Digital Identity, which enables tracking of a child from pregnancy up to 18 years of age. This lifecycle approach ensures that no eligible beneficiary is left out of welfare schemes and helps monitor development indicators over time.

Answer: A

Explanation:

• Statement 1 – Correct:
  The QR Code-Based Track and Trace System is designed to provide end-to-end visibility of pharmaceutical products across the entire supply chain—from manufacturing units to distributors, wholesalers, and retail pharmacies. This ensures that every unit of medicine can be traced back to its origin, improving transparency and accountability in the pharmaceutical ecosystem.


• Statement 2 – Incorrect:
  The system is not limited only to Schedule H2 medicines. Instead, it applies to specific high-risk categories such as vaccines, antimicrobials, narcotics, addictive drugs, and anti-cancer medicines. Schedule H2 is part of the regulatory framework, but the scope of the mandate is broader and includes multiple critical drug categories notified by the government.


• Statement 3 – Correct:
  Each QR code contains essential information such as batch number, manufacturing date, expiry date, manufacturer details, licence number, and a unique identification code for each unit. This structured data enables authentication of medicines and helps detect tampering or duplication in the supply chain.


• Statement 4 – Correct:
  A key objective of the system is to prevent counterfeit and substandard medicines, which pose a major public health risk. By enabling real-time verification and traceability, the system reduces the chances of fake drugs entering the supply chain and improves overall patient safety and regulatory oversight.