Answer: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Section 125A was introduced into the Representation of the People Act, 1951, in the year 2002. It explicitly provides for imprisonment or a fine (or both) if a candidate knowingly fails to furnish required information, conceals it, or provides false information in their nomination papers or affidavits.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Section 195 of the CrPC does not create an absolute bar on all electoral offences. While it restricts courts from taking cognisance of certain specific offences (like contempt of lawful authority of public servants) unless the public servant concerned files the complaint, the Supreme Court clarified that this restriction does not extend to Section 125A of the RPA. Private citizens can indeed file complaints for this specific offence.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The Supreme Court explicitly ruled that the Election Commission of India (ECI) or other public authorities are not the exclusive route for registering complaints under Section 125A.

Private individuals, including ordinary voters, have the legal standing to directly approach a competent magistrate.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The Representation of the People Act, 1951 was enacted by Parliament under Article 327 of the Indian Constitution to provide a detailed legal framework for elections to Parliament and State Legislatures.

Statement 2 is correct: The 1951 Act primarily deals with the actual conduct of elections, setting up the administrative machinery, specifying qualifications and disqualifications of members, and providing for the registration of political parties under Section 29A (whereas the 1950 Act deals with electoral rolls and delimitation).

Statement 3 is incorrect: Under Section 80-A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, the authority to resolve an election petition regarding elections to Parliament or State Legislatures is vested in the High Court of the respective state (exercising original jurisdiction), not the Supreme Court. The petition must be filed within 45 days from the date of the election results.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The Western Sector is located in Ladakh and involves claims over Aksai Chin. Major friction points identified in recent years include the Galwan Valley, Depsang Plains, and Pangong Tso.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Middle Sector covers Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. However, the McMahon Line is not in this sector; the McMahon Line is specific to the Eastern Sector (separating Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh/NEFA, delineated during the 1914 Simla Convention).

Statement 3 is correct: In the Eastern Sector, China does not recognize the McMahon Line and lays claim to Arunachal Pradesh as part of South Tibet. Key sensitive areas here include Tawang, Yangtse, and Taksing.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The UN Charter was amended only once in 1963 (which came into force in 1965) to raise the non-permanent membership from 6 to 10, bringing the total membership of the Council from 11 to 15. It has not been expanded since, despite a massive growth in UN membership from 113 to 193.

Statement 2 is correct: Africa (with 54 countries) holds no permanent seat on the UNSC, even though a large portion of the Council's peacekeeping and security agenda focuses on African conflicts.

Statement 3 is incorrect: Under Article 27 of the UN Charter, procedural matters require 9 affirmative votes from any of the 15 members—the P5 veto does not apply to procedural matters. The veto (concurring votes of all P5) applies strictly to substantive matters.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Statements 1 & 2 are correct: The Oskar Klein Medal is an annual award presented jointly by Stockholm University and the Nobel Committee for Physics. Ashoke Sen made history as the first Indian physicist to win the medal.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The award was established in 1988 to honor Oskar Klein, with past recipients including Stephen Hawking and Peter Higgs.