Answer: A

Explanation:

In this question, statement 1 is correct, while statement 2 is incorrect.

Statement 1 is correct, because recently, according to the data of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India’s foreign exchange reserves have reached around 703 billion dollars. This increase reflects India’s external sector stability and is considered a positive economic indicator amid global uncertainties.

Statement 2 is incorrect, because the increase in foreign exchange reserves does not occur only due to gold reserves; rather, it consists of multiple components—

• Foreign Currency Assets (largest share)
• Gold Reserves
• Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)
• Reserve position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The recent increase is mainly due to the rise in foreign currency assets and partly due to an increase in gold reserves. In addition, in recent times, due to geopolitical tensions in West Asia and fluctuations in the rupee, the RBI has intervened in the foreign exchange market, which has also impacted the level of reserves.

Thus, it is clear that foreign exchange reserves have a multi-component structure, and their increase is the result of the combined effect of several economic factors, not dependent on any single component.

Answer: A

Explanation:

In this question, both Statement (A) and Reason (R) are correct and (R) correctly explains (A). Recently, the Supreme Court of India, in a significant judgment, permitted abortion for a 31-week pregnant minor. The Court clearly stated that forcing any woman especially a minor to continue a pregnancy against her will is a violation of her right to life and personal liberty under Article 21.

Statement (A) is correct, because this decision is based on the principle that the right to life is not limited to mere survival, but also includes dignity, mental health and the right to personal choice.

Reason (R) is also correct, because in Indian constitutional jurisprudence, it has been established that reproductive autonomy and bodily autonomy are integral parts of Article 21, and every individual has the freedom to make decisions regarding their own body and reproduction.

The Court also recognised that forcing a minor to continue pregnancy can have serious consequences on her mental health, physical safety, and future. This decision goes beyond the general 24-week limit under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, showing that in exceptional circumstances, fundamental rights can be given priority over statutory limits. Thus, it is clear that Reason (R) provides a direct and logical explanation of Statement (A).

Answer: C

Explanation:

In this question, statements 1, 2 and 4 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect.

Statement 1 is correct, because recently, India’s first integrated lithium-ion battery and rare earth magnet recycling plant has been established in Sikandrabad, Uttar Pradesh. This initiative focuses on the scientific recycling of battery waste and rare earth elements, which helps in reducing environmental impact.

Statement 2 is correct, because India is largely dependent on imports for important minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. This plant will enable the recovery of these metals through recycling, thereby helping to reduce import dependence in the long run and ensuring efficient use of resources.

Statement 3 is incorrect, because it is a misleading statement. The objective of this plant is not to manufacture new batteries, but to recycle old batteries and industrial waste, so that valuable metals can be reused.

Statement 4 is correct, because this initiative promotes the circular economy, which includes:

• Converting waste into resources
• Reducing environmental pollution
• Developing a sustainable supply chain

Thus, it is clear that this initiative not only enhances resource efficiency but is also extremely important from the perspective of environmental protection and long-term economic sustainability.

Answer: A

Explanation:

In this question, statement 1 is correct, while statements 2 and 3 are incorrect.

Statement 1 is correct, because recently General Upendra Dwivedi has been inducted into the International Hall of Fame of the U.S. Army War College, which is a prestigious recognition of global military leadership and strategic contribution. It also reflects the growing strength of India–U.S. defence relations.

Statement 2 is incorrect, because he is not the first, but the third Indian military officer to receive this honour. Before him, V. K. Singh and Bikram Singh have also been honoured. Terms like “first/only” are common exam traps.

Statement 3 is incorrect, because this honour is not limited to the U.S. Army. It is awarded to international military officers as well, who have made significant contributions to high military leadership and global or bilateral military cooperation.

Thus, this development is an example of military diplomacy, strengthening India–U.S. strategic partnership, especially in the Indo-Pacific region, and enhancing ties through professional military education.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Shekha Jheel is a man-made wetland, formed due to seepage from the Upper Ganga Canal in 1852.

Statement 2 is correct: It is located in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh.

Statement 3 is correct: It is an important stopover on the Central Asian Flyway.