Answer: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The NaMo Green Rail generates its electricity onboard using a hydrogen fuel cell. This cell facilitates an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and atmospheric oxygen to produce electricity for propulsion.

Statement 2 is incorrect: While water vapour is indeed released as a by-product, oxygen is consumed in the reaction, not released.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The hydrogen train's power system does not solely run on fuel cells. It is hybrid in nature, equipped with hydrogen storage cylinders, fuel cells, and lithium iron phosphate batteries to provide stable energy delivery.

Answer: D

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The NaMo Green Rail reflects India's focus on technological self-reliance and indigenous manufacturing capabilities under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative, reducing dependence on imported railway systems.

Statement 2 is correct: The hydrogen-powered passenger train was designed by the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) and manufactured by the Integral Coach Factory (ICF), Chennai.

Statement 3 is correct: The project is a major step in fulfilling the National Green Hydrogen Mission, which seeks to establish India as a global hub for green hydrogen production and usage, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions and reducing fossil fuel dependency.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Codex standards are voluntary guidelines and do not automatically become binding legal obligations. Member countries (including India) are not legally forced to adopt them, though the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) does harmonize its domestic regulations with Codex to ensure global competitiveness.

Statement 2 is correct: The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures explicitly identifies the standards, guidelines, and recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius Commission as the international reference point for food safety.

Statement 3 is correct: Because Codex is the international benchmark for food safety under the WTO SPS Agreement, it acts as a protective shield. If an Indian spice or food export fully complies with Codex norms, an importing country cannot arbitrarily reject it as unsafe without valid, objective scientific evidence. Any unjustified Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) can be challenged by India through the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: On July 6, China conducted its first known sea-based long-range ballistic missile test in international waters, launching an SLBM (most likely a JL-2 or advanced JL-3) that traveled roughly 7,300 km before landing in the Southern Pacific Ocean.

Statement 2 is correct: By definition, a nuclear triad refers to a country's ability to deliver nuclear weapons via three distinct platforms: land-based ICBMs, sea-based SLBMs carried by nuclear submarines, and strategic bombers. This diversification guarantees survivability.

Statement 3 is incorrect: Expanding submarine-based nuclear forces is universally viewed as a move to strengthen a nation's second-strike capability—the ability to endure a devastating first attack and still retain the capacity to retaliate. Because nuclear submarines are incredibly difficult to detect, they serve as the ultimate deterrent against a first-strike attack, rather than a first-strike weapon.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The dummy warhead splashed down in the Southern Pacific Ocean, an area designated as the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone under the Treaty of Rarotonga.

Statement 2 is incorrect: While the Treaty of Rarotonga does prohibit the testing, manufacturing, and stationing of nuclear explosive devices, it does not ban the overflight of international waters or the testing of ballistic missiles without nuclear warheads. Because the Chinese missile carried a dummy warhead, it is not legally classified as a nuclear explosion under the treaty.

Statement 3 is correct: China's growing nuclear and naval footprint signifies a widening strategic gap that directly affects India’s security environment. To maintain strategic stability and ensure Credible Minimum Deterrence, India must enhance its seabed domain awareness in the Indian Ocean, develop longer-range SLBMs (like the K-5 and K-6), and expand its SSBN fleet.