Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: Under Article 37 of the Indian Constitution, Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs)—including Article 44 which directs the State to endeavour to secure a UCC—are non-justiciable. They cannot be directly enforced by any court, though they are fundamental to governance.

Statement 2 is correct: Article 37 explicitly states that DPSPs are non-justiciable, but they are nevertheless fundamental in the country's governance, and it is the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.

Statement 3 is correct: India has a unified codified criminal and commercial legal framework (such as the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita or Code of Criminal Procedure), but personal matters like marriage, divorce, and inheritance continue to be governed by separate religion-specific personal laws.

Answer: D

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: During Philippine President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr.’s visit to New Delhi, it was officially announced that India is now a strategic partner, making India only the fifth country in Philippine history to receive this elevated status (joining Japan, Australia, South Korea, and Vietnam).

Statement 2 is correct: The leaders witnessed the signing of multiple key documents, including a Declaration on the Establishment of a Strategic Partnership and a Plan of Action (2025–2029) to guide practical cooperation.

Statement 3 is correct: The bilateral engagement also marked the formal decision of the Philippines to join the India-led Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), strengthening joint climate resilience and disaster risk reduction mechanisms.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: CDRI is not a treaty-based intergovernmental organization, nor does it involve legally binding commitments. It operates on voluntary participation, cooperation, and shared resources. However, it is headquartered in New Delhi, India.

Statement 2 is correct: Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the CDRI during his speech at the UN Climate Action Summit in New York on September 23, 2019. It is India's second major global climate initiative after the International Solar Alliance.

Statement 3 is incorrect: CDRI membership is open to a diverse range of stakeholders, including national governments, UN agencies and programs, multilateral development banks, financing mechanisms, the private sector, and academic/research institutions.

Statement 4 is correct: Infrastructure for Resilient Island States (IRIS) is a prominent signature initiative launched under the umbrella of CDRI (unveiled at COP26 in Glasgow) to support climate-vulnerable small island developing states.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: India hosted the 18th BRICS Summit at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, guiding its presidency under the theme “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.”

Statement 2 is correct: The year 2026 marked a major milestone as BRICS completed 20 years since its formal inception/founding processes.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The New Delhi Declaration took a firm stance against unilateral tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and coercive economic sanctions, advocating instead for reformed multilateral trading systems like the WTO.

Answer: D

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: The term BRIC was originally conceptualized in 2001 by Jim O'Neill, then-Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, to denote the fast-growing emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The first formal summit took place in 2009, and South Africa was inducted into the group in December 2010, changing the acronym to BRICS.

Statement 2 is correct: The grouping has undergone significant expansion. Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE joined as full members, followed by Indonesia becoming a full member, enhancing the bloc's representation of the Global South.

Statement 3 is correct: The New Development Bank (NDB), formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, was established by BRICS nations. It is headquartered in Shanghai, China, with the core mandate of mobilizing resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies and developing countries.